Environmental

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely used in geological, hydrological, archaeological, engineering and forensic investigations to detect buried objects in the subsurface. GPR has arguably the highest spatial resolution of any geophysical imaging method, approaching centimeters under the right conditions. Learning objectives After completing this module, you will learn: Principles of operation of the GPR system The physical properties that influence the GPR signals GPR [...]

Electrical resistivity techniques are routinely used to solve hydrogeological (e.g., finding water bearing units (aquifers)), environmental (e.g., delineating groundwater plumes), and engineering (e.g., locating subsurface voids) problems.  Electrical methods measure the flow of electric current in the ground thereby investigating electrical properties of the subsurface.  The resulting subsurface geoelectrical image (represented as changes in electrical resistivity with depth) can be interpreted in terms of lithology [...]